1968;19:581-594. Thus, size, and hence surface area, of a particle can be related in a significant way to the physical, chemical, and pharmacologic properties of a drug. 6. 3/1 Liquid crystals 8 3/2 Macromolecular materials 9 3/3 Food chemicals 11 3/4 Glass 12 3/5 Ceramics 13 3/6 Other crystals 14 3/7 Metals 15 . This is the sugar molecule: The Sucrose molecule is a disaccharide which means it is made up of two molecules stuck together. Examples of these include: the vehicle, usually purified water co-solvents, e.g. This is a Gas Worksheet. Go to: 13. Learning Objectives. It is also used in solders, alloys, InterpolymerInteraction Physical Pharmacy 2. Solids, Liquids, Gas Vocabulary. Liquid crystalline behavior is also found in certain colloidal solutions, such as aqueous solutions of tobacco mosaic virus and certain polymers. Over the last ten years, the number of poorly soluble drugs has steadily increased. The content of the dispersed phase φ is the most important physical parameter that affects the viscosity of dispersions. 4. Liquid crystal Physical Pharmacy 2. So, ratio of degraded part to total amount of drug in diluted solution is bigger than of concentrated solution. These polymorphic forms of a drug differ in the physicochemical properties like dissolution and solubility, chemical and physical stability, flowability and hygroscopicity. Libster D, Aserin A, Wachtel E, Shoham G, Garti N. An HII liquid crystal-based delivery system for cyclosporin A: physical characterization. 44. Title: Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions Author: John Bookstaver Last modified by: Whitney King Created Date: 12/29/2004 4:03:38 PM Document presentation format Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry: Theory and Practices has been designed considering their requirements laid down by AICTE and other premier institutes/universities. Acts as an opacifier, pearlizer and co-emulsifier. Matter, properties of matter. (3) A system containing liquid water, steam and solid ice is a three-phase or three-phase phase For a system at equilibrium the phase rule relates: 6. Most of the liquid crystals used in high-information content Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice. Salts are considered different A pharmaceutical co-crystal is a single crystalline solid that incorporates two neutral molecules, one being an API and the other a co-crystal former. Crystal, the word makes us think of a solid shiny object which may be rare or precious. optical activity, the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light that is passed through it. Teacher Questions. 4. 5. J Colloid Interface Sci. (In plane-polarized light, the vibrations of the electric field are confined to a single plane.) This creates ice crystals that are separated from the drug product and more easily removed by sublimation. In the initial step, the solute is removed (attracted away from) its crystal. 3. Dispersed phase content. 9.4.1 Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) QCM is a piezoelectrically actuated shear-mode oscillator that is extremely sensitive to changes in physical properties at the surface. For example, NaOH, KOH, MgCl2, CaCl2 . Single crystals used for spectroscopy, ultraviolet and infrared transmission. Concentrated solution Physical Pharmacy 2. N ematic liquid crystal molecules, for example, maintain their directional orientation but do retain some freedom of movement within the liquid crystal (Fig. this, a space is created in a group of solvent molecules and the isolated solute molecule is inserted into this space. Applications of Liquid Crystals The World Of Liquid Crystal. 1.3.3.2 Ostwald Ripening. Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion. . We can consider as a simple example the unit Clinically, the particle size of a drug can affect its release from dosage forms that are administered orally, parenterally, rectally, and topically. This process occurs when the vapour pressure of the solution that is formed is less compared to the partial pressure of water vapour in the air. In the newly revised Third Edition of Liquid Crystals, Professor Iam Choon Khoo delivers a comprehensive treatment of the fundamentals and applied aspects of optical physics, light scattering, electro-optics, and non-linear optics of liquid crystals. Deliquescent meaning can be said as a tendency to become liquid. In drug delivery and clinical applications the technology to nanonize (ie, to reduce in size to below 1000 nm) is one of the key factors for modern drug therapy, now and in the years to come. J Soc Cosmet Chem. Lyophilization consists of three interconnected stages: Freezing: During this step, the water or solvent in a product is gradually frozen by cooled shelves. State of Matter Crossword. Primary Drying (Sublimation): During this step, pressure is manipulated to convert . Liquid crystals: the mesomorphic phases of surfactant compositions. 1. Surface Tension is the force in dynes acting along the surface of a liquid at right angle . Settling/Sedimentation rate of the suspended particles. Capsaicin and menthol, two other topically applied agents widely used for similar purposes, are known to excite and desensitize sensory nerves by acting on two members of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily: heat-sensitive TRP . complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism. Matter, Properties of Matter: State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. . This is a Solid Worksheet. This process can be carried out by causing a physical change, like a change in temperature, or a chemical change like acidity. propylene glycol, glycerin . There is a dearth of good books that exclusively cover the syllabi of physical chemistry offered to pharmacy courses. Liquid Crystals have orientational order. You examine table sugar under a microscope and see that it is made up of identical crystals. [1-3]. defined as liquid preparations in which the therapeutic agent and the various excipients are dissolved in the chosen solvent system. 1.2 Crystalline solids - structure and properties 1.2.1 Crystal structure Crystals contain highly ordered arrays of molecules and atoms held together by non-covalent interac-tions. In a qualitative . Also defined on.. 13. The crystallization process is carried out on the basis of the size and shapes . -1 Liquid crystals Liquid crystals, which have physical properties in between those of liquids and solids, are often observed by polarising microscopes because they exhibit optical anisotropy. Other techniques that enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs include salt formation, change in dielectric constant of solvent, Chemical modification of the drug, use of hydrates or solvates, use of Soluble prodrug, application of ultrasonic waves, and spherical crystallization. To obtain a suspension that is chemically and physically stable, the following have to be taken into consideration. These ADSORPTION LIA LAILA, S.FARM., M.SC., APT. You read the ingredient list on the box and find that only one ingredient is listed: refined sucrose. Borax, cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, etc. eg. Since the drops are formed by the breakup of a liquid jet, the process is only suitable for liquid or slurries. liquid crystals and their applications. • For any physical or chemical transformation to take place in the solid state •must be a thermodynamic driving force •a net loss in free energy •sufficient diffusional motion (translational and rotational) over the desired time scale • Generally, molecular mobility follows the order: liquid > super cooled liquid > glass > crystal You place it in a cup and melt it in the microwave. Co-crystal former may be an excipient or another drug [ 59 ]. 45. States of Matter BINGO. The Pharmaceutical dosage forms: solid dosage forms are more stable than liquid dosage forms for presence of water. Physical Chemistry Applications covers core aspects of biophysical chemistry, while showing how biochemists and biophysicists use principles of . Solid, Liquid, or Gas Venn. The U.S. was 19 percent import reliant for salt in 2012. Co-crystals are drug solids defined as multicomponent molecular crystals in which at least one of the compounds is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) (Bond, 2007; Schultheiss et al., 2009). In certain cases however, acidic or alkaline solutions may be needed to solubilize drugs. The science behind candy making is all about chemistry and chemical reactions. . Pharmacists should avoid ingredients and conditions that could result in excessive physical deterioration or chemical decomposition of drug preparations, especially when compounding (see Pharmaceutical . Buffers: As parenteral formulations are administered directly to tissues and systemic circulation, formulations prepared should not vary significantly from physiological pH, which is about 7.4. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Change in the molecular structure highly affects solubility of compound. Settling or sedimentation is a very important issue in suspension stability. The longer range order of the liquid crystal is typified by the director. Formation of liquid mixture: when the solid substance is soluble in another solid substance which lead to decrease of its melting point and conversion to a liquid in certain ratios. It uses liquid crystals to create visual effects on screen. Crystallization is a natural process which happens when the materials solidify from a liquid, or as they precipitate out of a liquid or gas. • Define chemical change and list several indications that a chemical change has taken place • Explain the gas, liquid and solid states in terms of particles • Distinguish between mixtures, elements and compounds. Physical Chemistry Applications presents the basic principles of physical chemistry and shows how the methods of physical chemistry are being applied to increase understanding of living systems. 2. The liquid droplets (the disperse phase) are dispersed in a liquid medium (the continuous phase). Binding Forces between Molecules The Three States of Matter: In order for molecules to exist in aggregates in gases, liquids and solids Intermolecular forces must exist 4. Indium Indium tin oxide is used for electrical conductivity purposes in flat panel devices - most commonly in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Clinically, the particle size of a drug can affect its release from dosage forms that are administered orally, parenterally, rectally, and topically. Filtration is the process of separating small particles of solid matter from a liquid, by causing the liquid to pass through the pores of some substance . Crystallization can be defined as the process through which the atoms/molecules of a substance arrange themselves in a well-defined three-dimensional lattice and consequently, minimize the overall energy of the system. crystals such as hydrates, solvates and co-crystals, which consist of more than one type of type of molecule. Pharmaceutical dispersions are systems where one substance is dispersed within another substance. Detailed GPAT Physical Pharmacy Syllabus. Camphor is a naturally occurring compound that is used as a major active ingredient of balms and liniments supplied as topical analgesics. two phases can be gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-solid, or liquid-liquid. chemical and physical properties of the active ingredients or the excipients, (2) manufacturing procedures, (3) formulations, (4) containers and . Physical Pharmacy focuses on what pharmacy students really need to know in order to pass exams, providing concise, bulleted information, key . Crystallization is one of the most widely used technologies in chemical industry, and process robustness governs process productivity and economics. Liquid crystals are highly anisotropic fluids that exists between the solid and liquid phases. 7. Crystal structure and external appearance 1 Polymorphism 3 . 3. It becomes a homogeneous golden liquid. Furthermore polymorphism is remarkably common particularly within The two phases are then separated by simple physical/mechanical methods. iii. Rubber Bung Processor Cum Sterilizer • HPHV Steam Sterilizer is used for sterilization of liquid, Hard and Hard Porous Material, Glass ware, drugs and surgical instrument used a pharmaceutical. There are many different types of liquid-crystal phases, which can be distinguished by their different optical properties (such as textures). 3. physical properties of crystal it is directly proportional 4. Surface and Interfacial Phenomena Surface is a boundary between solid or liquid phase and a vacuum. Direction of beam onto the molecule. Aspects of drug product stability that are of primary concern to the pharmacist in the dispensing of medications are discussed herein. 5. 1. The area A occupied by a surfactant molecule at the solution-air interface can be calculated from A = 1/N A 23Γ 2 where N A is the Avogadro number (6.023 × 10 molecules compounding liquid dosage forms such as solutions, syrups, or elixirs for the final product. For example, crystallization is the most common . These articles are arranged in a repeating pattern of a three-dimensional network. INTRODUCTION. Introduction to Physical pharmacy. Sample pages from Remington Education: Physical Pharmacy, published by Pharmaceutical Press, 2016. States of Water. 2. Crystallization is a technique used for the purification of substances. Several classes may be distinguished: oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and oil-in-oil (O/O). In recent years, the physical and chemical effects of US on liquid and solid media have been widely used in food processing . Solids, Liquids and Gas Worksheet. Estimates state that 40% of the drugs in the pipelines have solubility . 2. The Interface is a boundary between two phases. crystals such as hydrates, solvates and co-crystals, which consist of more than one type of type of molecule. To understand crystals we must understand their structure. If ingredients are crystals or pow-ders and the final dosage form is intended to be a dry dosage form, options such as divided powders (powder papers) or cap-sules should be considered. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS 307 very different molecular structures. 1.2 Crystalline solids - structure and properties 1.2.1 Crystal structure Crystals contain highly ordered arrays of molecules and atoms held together by non-covalent interac-tions. Liquid Crystal Displays Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat electronic display panel used as a visual display aid. Matter: It's what the world is made of. • Define physical change and list several common physical changes. Ostwald ripening is a well-known phenomenon that was first systematically investigated by Wilhelm Ostwald around 1900 [101-103].This phenomenon normally describes the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time in solid solutions or liquid sols and involves . Rosevear FB. . 2. (McCabe et al . This process is excellent for forming particles 400-2,000 µm (16-79 mils) in diameter. pharmacy. 2007;308(2):514-524. If ingredients are both liquids and Presentation Transcript. Selection of Coformers and Screening of Cocrystals. Conclusion. Allotropy refers to polymorphism for chemical elements.Polymorphism is of practical relevance to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, foods, and explosives. Chemists and engineers in the pharmaceutical industry generally seek to deliver crystalline forms of their active compounds, mainly due to the inherent stability of crystalline materials and the well-established impact of crystallization processes on purification and isolation of chemical substances[].Increasing attention is now being paid to the impact of material properties on drug discovery . Physical Pharmaceutics-I. Solubility: SOLVATES >ANHYDROUS > HYDRATES Effect of crystal structure on solubility is explained in chapter of preformulation in subtopic - crystallinity. Thus, size, and hence surface area, of a particle can be related in a significant way to the physical, chemical, and pharmacologic properties of a drug. Crystallisation is the process of formation of crystals. The evidence you gathered indicate that . nematic and smectic liquid crystal structures as well as of the solid (crystalline) phase 9[]. (1) A system containing only liquid water is a single-phase or single-phase system (P =1 ) (2) A system containing liquid water and steam (a gas) is a two-phase or two-phase systems (P = 2). 3A) [6]. Following . It leads to Physical Changes in a Material. Association micelle, gel Physical Pharmacy 2 Positional order 2. Physical stability is equally important for suspension formulations. Exit of crystalline water: By mixing hydrated crystals and dry crystals, crystalline water diffuse to dry crystals. Liquid crystals, which are obtained by melting a crystalline solid, are called thermotropic. In his experiments, Reinitzer increased the temperature of a solid sample and watched the crystal change into a hazy liquid. A separation technique to separate solids from a solution. The latter class may be exemplified by an emulsion consisting of a polar oil (e.g., propylene glycol) dispersed in a nonpolar Emulsions, suspensions and other . 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