Hendricks 2001 was a replication of a study that was included in the previous version of this review (Hendricks 1999). Music therapy can be an impactful way to decrease social anxiety and improve upon a persons social skills. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million adults in the United States age 18 and older, or 18.1% of the population every year., Although anxiety and depression are separate conditions, many people who suffer with depression also have anxiety or vice versa. Comparison 3 Active music therapy versus receptive music therapy, Outcome 1 Severity of depressive symptoms, clinicianreported (primary outcome; high=poor). Some untrained practitioners call their practice music therapy; owing to the relative newness of music therapy as a regulated profession, we included these studies in this review as well. Concerning primary outcomes, we found moderatequality evidence of large effects favouring music therapy and TAU over TAU alone for both clinicianrated depressive symptoms (SMD 0.98, 95% CI 1.69 to 0.27, 3 RCTs, 1 CCT, n = 219) and patientreported depressive symptoms (SMD 0.85, 95% CI 1.37 to 0.34, 3 RCTs, 1 CCT, n = 142). Zhao 2016 considered music therapy for older adults only and included trials that assessed participants and interventions that were not eligible for this review. We conducted a metaanalysis using available or calculated standardised mean differences (SMDs) for continuous outcomes, and odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous outcomes. Just be mindful of where its taking you and shift into something different if you feel yourself getting stuck. Jncke L. The emotional power of music: how music enhances the feeling of affective pictures. Two studies were not RCTs or CCTs (Carolan 2016; No author 2008). Search Strategy: We asked experts and known researchers in the field whether they were aware of reported or ongoing trials on music therapy for depression. According to the Marcs Institute for Brain, Behavior, and Development, music increases memory and attention and maximizes your learning capabilities. Music therapy for children and adolescents with behavioural and emotional problems: a randomised controlled trial, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Improvisational Music Therapy and Perception of Emotions in Music by People With Depression. Music has powerful mental effects and can quickly impact a persons mood. If we had identified more than ten studies, we planned to create a funnel plot to detect possible publication bias (in the absence of bias, the plot should approximately resemble a symmetrical funnel). ZijlstraVlasveld M, However, review authors did not include all relevant data from the most recent trials and did not conduct a metaanalysis. Additionally, mental health practitioners can bring music therapy directly to a person, such as if they cannot get out of bed or are unable to get to a therapists office. School of Social Work and Arts Therapies, Stenden University of Applied Sciences Leeuwarden, Netherlands. As noted earlier, consider your goal. Evidence suggests that music therapy, when added to treatment as usual, can help people affected by depressive disorders, such as major depression, by improving symptoms related to depression (moderatequality evidence; large effect size for clinicianreported depression and patientreported depression) and its most frequent comorbidities, such as anxiety (lowquality evidence). Upon combining data regarding active and receptive music therapy approaches, we found no significant differences in comparison with psychological therapy (shortterm: SMD 0.78, 95% CI 2.36 to 0.81, P = 0.34, n = 11, very lowquality evidence; mediumterm: SMD 1.11, 95% CI 2.74 to 0.53, P = 0.19, n = 11, very lowquality evidence) (Analysis 2.1). It can help improve confidence, communication skills, independence, self-awareness and awareness of others, and concentration and attention skills. This work involves integration of the best available research evidence, the therapists clinical expertise, and the patients unique values and circumstances (Hoffmann 2013; Straus 2011). Sterne JAC, To prevent bias in assessment, the first review author was knowledgeable about music therapy, and the second review author was knowledgeable about mental health care. aDowngraded one level for limitations in design such as unclear allocation concealment, blinding, missing protocol. See Table 3. Lin Y, Zerhusen 1995 enrolled participants who were hospitalised in a nursing home, and participants in Chen 1992 resided in a geriatric facility. For all depression scales, higher scores represent greater severity of depression symptoms. Sung HC, Comparison 2 Music therapy versus psychological therapy, Outcome 1 Severity of depressive symptoms, clinicianrated (primary outcome; high=poor). Write a song. Maratos and colleagues included five studies in the first version of this review (Chen 1992; Hanser 1994; Hendricks 1999; Radulovic 1996; Zerhusen 1995); review authors concluded at that time that music therapy was accepted by people with depression and was associated with improvement in depressive symptoms. If youve ever felt pumped up by listening to your favorite fast-paced rock anthem or been moved to tears by a tender live performance, then it is easy to understand the power of music and how it impacts your moods and can even inspire action. Search strategy for Ebsco/CINAHL, 5 July 2016, Search strategy for Embase.com, 5 July 2016, RCT filter from: Cochrane Handbook, Version 5.0.1, [updated September 2008], eds: Higgins & Green, chapter 6.3.2.2, What is in The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from Embase? 8 (therap* or treat* or effect* or efficac* or compar* or versus).ti. Music healing is the process of using already composed music in a passive (listening) or active (singing, playing an instrument) way to ameliorate symptoms and help a person to feel better. This involves making music up on the spot in response to a mood or a theme, such as making the sound of a storm using drums and a rainstick. 16 remove duplicates from 15 (n = 187) It is also believed that people who play instruments are smarter. Gold C, Severity of depression mild, moderate, or severe is determined by the number and severity of symptoms and the degree of functional impairment. The studies included under Studies awaiting classification, once assessed, may alter the conclusions of this review. Music therapy and TAU was not more effective than TAU alone for improved quality of life (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.80, P = 0.20, n = 67, lowquality evidence). It is an alternative to other types of therapy, such as counseling or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). participants had persistent posttraumatic stress disorder but were not depressed. Additionally, it would be desirable to investigate effects of music therapy both in recurrent depressive disorders and in single depressive episodes. Two studies specified that researchers used spreadsheet software to generate random number lists in blocks (Albornoz 2011, Erkkil 2011); Atiwannapat 2016 reported drawing lots in a 1:1:1 ratio. The reward center of the brain, called the nucleus accumbens, can even produce strong physical signs of pleasure, such as goosebumps, when it hears powerful music. Depression incurs high costs for healthcare systems and for society because it may cause impairment in both psychological and sociooccupational functioning. Four studies mentioned antidepressant medication (Albornoz 2011; Chen 1992; Erkkil 2011; Radulovic 1996). Heart disease: Could your salt-shaking habits predict your risk? AlaRuona E, It has been suggested that receptive music therapy can help reduce stress, soothe pain, and energise the body (Bruscia 1991; Standley 1991). Investigators found no significant differences between the two music therapy interventions in the short term (SMD 0.52, 95% CI 1.87 to 0.83, P = 0.45, n = 9, very lowquality evidence) or in the medium term (SMD 0.64, 95% CI 2.02 to 0.73, P = 0.36, n = 9, very lowquality evidence) (Analysis 3.1). The remaining eight studies were at unclear risk (Albornoz 2011; Atiwannapat 2016; Chen 1992; Hanser 1994; Hendricks 1999; Hendricks 2001; Radulovic 1996; Zerhusen 1995). This scale is composed of 30 items with yes/no answers. For every comparison, we produced another table. Theres also evidence that formal music therapy can help with depression when used alongside other therapies. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing music therapy versus treatment as usual (TAU), psychological therapies, pharmacological therapies, other therapies, or different forms of music therapy for reducing depression. A study involving students found that listening to relaxing classical music at bedtime improved sleep quality. Fils JM, Sessions were carried out within a structured therapeutic framework. RedlinFrazier S, Egger M, This leads to safer behavior and less likelihood of road range. Music therapy can also introduce people to many different cultures, as clients can explore any type and genre of music during therapy. We judged one of nine studies to be at low risk of bias (Erkkil 2011). Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Music is magical, it's true, but it's not Distribution of results per database: Cochrane Reviews: 12; Other Reviews (DARE): 6; CENTRAL (Trials): 316; Method Studies: 1; Technology Assessments (HTA): 1; Economic Evaluations (EED): 0. and transmitted securely. Researchers should consider investigating mechanisms of music therapy for depression. In active methods (improvisational, recreative, compositional), participants are making music, and in receptive music therapy, participants are receiving (e.g. Conceptual framework and item selection, Supporting music therapy worldwide. You can still listen to a sad song when youre upset or let out your anger to some heavy metal. aDowngraded one level for unclear randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding, missing study protocol. What type of music is best for depression? No full text, i.e. I've heard beautiful stories about the ways music helps children learn or brings an adult with dementia back into a coherent state, if only for a moment. and Heterogeneity could be explained by differences in age groups, methods of music therapy, professionals providing music therapy, and quality of studies. Second, a thorough description of the interventions appears essential, to give professionals the opportunity to learn and apply effective methods and techniques in their clinical practice, as well as in music therapy training programmes and future trials. et al. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Clinical, Neuro & Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. We judged the remaining seven studies to be at unclear risk (Atiwannapat 2016; Chen 1992; Hanser 1994; Hendricks 1999; Hendricks 2001; Radulovic 1996; Zerhusen 1995). 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